Seven Years War Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Seven Years fightThe first true World War. Cause and personal effectsWhat would the state of the free world be today if the alliance of the war of the Austrian successiveness had not reversed in the Seven Years War? Would we speak cut, still be New England, or perhaps New Spain? The fact is that while we may not know for certain that todays world would be different, you can rest assured that the Seven Years War set the tone in Europe, and more importantly in compass north America for the next half century. The history of the 18th century in Europe was always uncertain. In fact, the history of Europe will show that the stack of the continent, perhaps even the world, was always on the brink. Nations constantly were maneuvering for the upper hand looking to the highest bidder to choose sides with. The war of the Spanish Succession and the war of the Austrian Succession will show us that this new world war would be no different. The degree of uncertainty on the continent in 17 55 is unparalleled. Russia, Bohemia, and even France and England could corroborate swung in either direction. In fact France and England did change loyalties if you will between the Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle and Fredericks invasion of Bohemia in 1756. female horse Theresa, although agreed to the aforementioned treaty to end the war of her accession, would always seek revenge on Frederick for the humiliation he had inflicted on her. If these loyalties or interests I should say hadnt changed, what would the effect on the world be today? Would you or I be speaking some other language? French perhaps? The Enlightened Despots, Frederick? Was he? Maria Theresa? Hardly, Catherine had absolutely no impact whatsoever, and allow foriam Pitt, while he was an effective military strategist, was no despot, and surely not enlightened. Louis the XV, who was led around by the nose by Mme de Pompadour, was as ineffective as all the Kings of France would be after his grandfather. Britain obtained Prussia as her ally, but you might ask, why? Surely you cant fuel Fredericks massive army any more? Pitt the Elder argued though that while true... ... have none of that. The war would lead Prussia to the forefront on the European continent, even so Britain clearly gained much more than any other did. France would not recover, and Louis knew all too well what lay in store when he said subsequently me, the deluge. Works Cited1.Anderson, Fred Crucible of War, The Seven Years War and the fate of Empire in British North America. Random House New York, NY 2000 2. Durant, Will and Ariel Rousseau and Revolution The Story of Civilization. Simon and Schuster New York, NY 19673.Kennedy, Paul The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers Random House New York, NY 19874.Leckie, Robert A Few Acres of Snow, The Saga of the French and Indian Wars. John Wiley & Sons New York, NY 19995.Margiotta, Franklin D., Ed. Brasseys Encyclopedia of Military History and Biography, Washington Brasseys, Inc. 1994

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut :: essays papers

complete Orders of ConnecticutThe British North American colonies were on the cutting edge of governmental systems intheir time. They developed confederations and other styles of ruling that greatly differed from the iron fist of the absolutist monarch of Britain. Among these colonies, Connecticut was the forerunner. Among three major towns, capital of Connecticut, Windsor and Wethersfield, Connecticut formed what is today cognise as a federalist government. Within Connecticuts federalism, the ideas of many moderne governing techniques were applied, such as a written constitution and popular sovereignty. Because of this, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut was a blueprint for the modern day Constitution because it contained a central government linked to local governments, three separate branches of government, and a voice government unlike the one of Britain.The modern day federalism that is applied today is structured like that of the Connecticut federalism. A general c ourt in Hartford acts like a central meeting place like that of present day Washington D.C.. This General court has the ability to rule over the towns of Connecticut, hardly the locals of a town may provide input to their public officer and he can provide the central court with this information. The general court is not to be mistaken as an absolute rule. An example is found in section 11 of the Fundamental Orders. The general court may distribute documentation to the towns, and they may distribute them as they please. If this was a dictatorship, the general court would tell the local governments how to distribute their funds.The Fundamental Orders established three branches of government like that of the modernday federalism. In section 1 of the Fundamental Orders, an executive office as well as a judicial branch is elected. The person with the nigh votes becomes the governor, and the future(a) six runners up would hold positions as magistrates in the general court. Th e representative branch is established in section two where it is stated that the next runners up to the magistrates shall be the public officers to the people of their town. These three branches of government are exactly the same in present day, but how they are elected and appointed to their position is the only difference.The idea and structure of the representative government is the most evident similaritybetween the U.S. Constitution and the Fundamental Orders.

A Deconstructive Glance at Edgar Allan Poes The City in the Sea Essay

A Deconstructive Glance at Edgar Allan Poes The City in the Sea forever and a day mesmerizing, Edgar Allan Poes poems range from deep and depressing to dark and grotesque. Certainly this is true of his poem The City in the Sea, which is dark in t one and only(a) and ambiguous meaning. What does it mean, and where did Poe come up with his concept? There are many possible answers to this question, and interpretations include the phallic and yonic symbols of Freudian theory and the idea of biblical cities as source material exist. Therefore, it seems that critics cannot flout on a definite explication for the poem. Alice Claudel posits that there are mystic symbols in the poem and states that One can piece bits together and form the general communicative from II Chronicles, II Kings, and Daniel, among others (56). The idea that Poe took his ideas from the bible is well founded, but he was too complex a poet to make his poetry that easy or that obvious. other writer, Dway ne Thorpe, suggests Poe had Christian doctrine in mind when he wrote the poem, contending that Poes sources were biblical in nature (395). He continues identification of it biblical source casts some infernal illumination on his mathematical function of a Christian work to create a nihilistic vision (395). This goes back to Claudels biblical association, but Thorpe ascribes the city a darker, more sinister meaning. tour many critics look at The City in the Sea through a Freudian or biblical lens, a deconstructive approach reveals the image of Deaths modify Necropolis. Deconstruction is the art of ambiguity. The theory posits infinite interpretations to literary works, with most of them just as creative as the work itself. With so many interpretations, no one ... ...ing only becomes more deeply hidden. The complex maze of twisting, turning, and doubling back of Poes work, specifically The City in the Sea, makes the task of completely deconstructing it almost impossible.Wor ks CitedBressler, Charles E. literary Criticism An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice, 2003.Claudel, Alice M. Mystic Symbols in Poes The City in the Sea. Papers on Poe Essays in Honor of trick Ward Ostrom. Ed. Richard P. Veler and Richard Beale Davis. Springfield, OH Chantry Music Press at Wittenburg U, 1972. 54-61.Garrison, Joseph M. Jr. Poes The City in the Sea. Explicator 48.3 (1990) 185-88. Leonard, Douglas N. Poes The City in the Sea. Explicator 43.1 (1984) 30-33.Thorpe, Dwayne. Poes The City in the Sea Source and Interpretation.American Literature 51 (1979) 394-99.

The Doctrine of the Indefinite Terms in the Ancient Commentators of Aristotle :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

The Doctrine of the Indefinite Terms in the Ancient Commentators of AristotleABSTRACT The antediluvian commentaries on Aristotles Peri Hermeneias (De Interpretatione) give us important elements to understand more intelligibly some difficult passages of this treatise. In the case of the indefinite call and verbs (i.e. not-man, and does not recover, severally), these commentaries reveal a doctrine which explains not only the nature of the indefinites, but excessively why Aristotle introduces these kinds of term in Peri Hermeneias. The coherence and explanatory capacity of this doctrine is entirely absent in modern exegesis of Peri Hermeneias. This fact has important implications it can furbish up us to think whether there will be another topics in which the ancient commentators are still indispensable to understand Aristotle. It can also gull us to think to what extent a profounder reflection of the ancient commentators can modify our idea of Aristotle and the ancient world.I.Th e labour of translation of and comment on the ancient interpreters of Aristotle, which in our days have been edited by Professor R. Sorabji,(1) has put modern readers in contact with new dimensions of Aristotles thought. In these ancient commentaries, many of the traditional and well-known doctrines of Aristotle find not only theoretical basis, but also a number of obscure and condensed texts reach an important and valuable elucidation and explanation.The subject-matter that I would like to discuss today is a sample of how these commentators can still contribute to understand Aristotle. I would like to warn, however, that the theme of the indefinite terms is curiously illustrative of what I indicate, for the modern comments on this topic have been made without a profounder consideration of the ancient teaching. In my opinion, however, a more reliable and sleep with explanation about this difficult subject is to be found in the analysis of the ancient view.II.The commentaries of Bo ethius(2) and Ammonius son of Hermeias(3) contain in a slightly divergent manner the ancient doctrine of indefinite names and verbs. They explain some questions whose answers are not evident in Aristotles Peri Hermeneias (= PeriH.)(4) namely, (i) why does Aristotle introduce indefinite names and verbs after defining name and verb? I.e. Why does Aristotle consider adequate to define expressions like not-man, does not recover, etc., once he has defined man and recovers as name and verb respectively? Even more, (ii) why does Aristotle in Chapter 10 of PeriH. leave indefinite verbs aside and introduces only indefinite names in simple (= categorical) propositions?

Educational Programs In Prisons Essay examples -- essays research pape

Educational Programs in PrisonsIt is not a surprise to see that prisoners all have a depressed education level. I guess a much educated person has enough sense not to be involved with crimethe relationship surrounded by crime and education is easy to see when viewing these facts (Cordes 1). This is the view of most people when asked why people are in prison. People simply affirm that criminals were ill educated. As hard as we may try, we cannot do a lot about what happens before they enter prison, but there are many another(prenominal) another(prenominal) computer programs inside prisons to help rehabilitate them for when they leave the prison.The New York Theological Seminary for Afro-American male prisoners (NYTS) runs a program at Sing Sing Prison that allows inmates to sign their masters degree. This program meets five times a week and has only about fourteen to sixteen men admitted every year. The program has move so popular that there is a waiting list of one or more years. The NYTS program helps these men prepare for community service. Forty-two impute hours must be completed in order to receive the degree. Students must also complete a minimum of fifteen hours of field service in spite of appearance the prison. Since the program was established, more than two hundred men have received their degrees. The program is offered in other prisons, and inmates are allowed to transfer to Sing Sing in order to complete the program. Everyday men and women alike challenge themselves, but none as much as those men and women living behind bars. liberty is a struggle that begins in ones mind. These African American men in Sing Sing Prison behind bars challenge themselves daily to bide as free human beings. Their courage should inspire us to do the same (Marable 2). There is another federal program that is called Credits for Cons. This is a program proposed by the Clinton administration. They proposed a fifteen hundred education income tax credit (Stanglin 1). This would allow volunteers to get the credit if they sponsored an inmate who took college courses. Many believe church members would dispatch part in this plan, as many have done in the past to help drug addicts. Though the proposal has not yet been passed, many people have said they would be an active member in a program like this one. North Carolina also... ... Write counsel is a wondrous program held at the Stillwater Correctional Facility. In conclusion, educational programs in prison range from very good with programs like Reaching Out the Write Way and the programs North Carolina has to the ones that arent all that good like credits for cons. Education, in combination with work programs, can give inmates the skills they need to be successful when they drive off to their communities...It can enable them to do a job that reduces prison costs, such as taking messages, running a library, like Andy in Shawshank Redemption, or information recipes to work in the kitchen ( Young 2). Many people think that educating prisoners is being soft on crime, but when you think about it, all it really is doing is working to submit sure that the revolving door will stop revolving (Young 1). If this door keeps going around in the circle it is now, it will come to cost the taxpayers up to if not more than one hundred dollars a day. The cost of education is minute in comparison to its benefits (Young 2).

Educational Programs In Prisons Essay examples -- essays research pape

Educational Programs in PrisonsIt is not a surprise to feel that pris unrivaledrs all have a low education level. I guess a more educated person has enough sense not to be involved with crimethe relationship between crime and education is easy to see when viewing these facts (Cordes 1). This is the view of most bulk when asked why people are in prison. People simply say that criminals were ill educated. As hard as we may try, we cannot do a lot about what happens before they enter prison, but there are umpteen programs inside prisons to help rehabilitate them for when they generate the prison.The New York Theological Seminary for Afro-American male prisoners (NYTS) runs a program at Sing Sing Prison that allows inmates to get their masters degree. This program meets flipper times a week and has only about fourteen to sixteen work force admitted every year. The program has become so popular that there is a waiting list of one or more years. The NYTS program helps these men prepa re for community service. Forty-two credited hours must be completed in order to receive the degree. Students must also complete a minimum of fifteen hours of field service within the prison. Since the program was established, more than two blow men have received their degrees. The program is offered in other prisons, and inmates are allowed to transfer to Sing Sing in order to complete the program. Everyday men and women alike challenge themselves, but none as much as those men and women living behind bars. Freedom is a struggle that begins in ones mind. These African American men in Sing Sing Prison behind bars challenge themselves daily to live as free human beings. Their courage should inspire us to do the same (Marable 2). There is another federal program that is called Credits for Cons. This is a program proposed by the Clinton administration. They proposed a fifteen coulomb education income tax credit (Stanglin 1). This would allow volunteers to get the credit if they spon sored an inmate who took college courses. Many believe church members would take part in this plan, as many have done in the past to help drug addicts. Though the proposal has not yet been passed, many people have said they would be an active member in a program like this one. North Carolina also... ... Write Way is a wonderful program held at the Stillwater Correctional Facility. In conclusion, educational programs in prison range from very true(p) with programs like Reaching Out the Write Way and the programs North Carolina has to the ones that arent all that good like credits for cons. Education, in combination with work programs, can give inmates the skills they need to be successful when they return to their communities...It can enable them to do a job that reduces prison bes, such as taking messages, running a library, like Andy in Shawshank Redemption, or reading recipes to work in the kitchen (Young 2). Many people think that educating prisoners is being soft on crime, bu t when you think about it, all it really is doing is working to make sure that the revolving door will retrovert revolving (Young 1). If this door keeps going around in the circle it is now, it will come to cost the taxpayers up to if not more than one hundred dollars a day. The cost of education is minute in comparison to its benefits (Young 2).

EVALUATE MY OWN CURRENT SKILLS AND COMPETENCIES Essay

While working with a adult who suffers from ADHD and Dyslexia you potentiometer go done different aspect of contentment and also aspects that can cause problems and tension at work. The most satisfying liveliness at the end of the day when it is magazine to go home and the soulfulness i am careing for has thurully enjoyed the day forgetting about the problems that persist on a daily basis. Human resource functions in an governing include everything that has to do with people, i.e., their recruitment, induction, retention, welfare, appraisal, growth, training, skill development, attitudinal-orientation, compensation, motivation, ect. Aspects at work that bring satisfactionGood preparation having a clear idea of what the day involves Interacting in good conversationSolving problems helping him to overcome obsticles to help him understand different aspects that may be hard for him to understand Spontanious days out universe involved with the planning of the day Pay adequacy of payAspects of work that do not bring satisfactionSame activities over and over againUnorganised days outI read that the motivation to investigate the degree of mull satisfaction arises from the fact that a better understanding of employee satisfaction is desirable to achieve a higher level of motivation that is directly associated with patient satisfaction. Schermerhorn define job satisfaction as the degree to which individuals feel demonstrable or negative about their jobs. It is an attitude or emotional response to ones tasks as well as to the physical and social conditions of the workplace. handicraft satisfaction is motivational and leads to positive employment relationships and high levels of individual job performance. Job satisfaction can be considered as a global feeling about the job or as a related constellation of attitudes about various aspects or facets of the job. The global get on and the facet approach can be used to get a complete picture of employees job sati sfaction. The work itself responsibility, interest, and growthQuality of supervision technical help and social place upright Relationships withco-workers social harmony and respect Promotion opportunities chances for further advancementI think that creating a PDP, Personal development plan can provide a long term vision of where i indirect request my career to go. It would definaltley be considered a positive advantage for short and long term carrer options in the cursorily changing world of work. Planning for my future. Short term goals at workGraduate from college/university two years from nowImprove my knowledge and research to a greater extent in the profession i want to futher my carrerTo improve my skills over the next two to three years so I can futher my careerThings that i can switch with a positive approach to workBy identifying the causes behind my undisirable attitude and aproach them in a positive way. I can assortment the situattions that are affecting my attit ude in a negative way are things that i can change. For example, if i find that my attitude changes in a negative way because i feel tired most of the day would be to plan my night before, so i can get more than sleep at night, or take power naps during break or lunch times. Also If work is not challenging me enough, then i change my approach to this by taking on some new tasks. I need to focus on a positive mindstate that will help me approach work with a realistic mental image of what my relationship with my job should be. I need to learn to accept the fact that some tasks concerned with my job may be less fulfilling than others. When i have lack of motivation i should learn not to let this affect or not throw in me to complete my tasks or activities. I must understand that my change of attitude is my own responsibility, and something which i must plan and work towards. Evaluate the benifits of self- comed learning to individuals and organisations. link ideas with my own work e xperience .. to a lower place A broad definition of self managed learning is a process in which individuals manage their own learning and are responsible for controlling how, when, what, why, and where they learn. I will need to set goals for learning by understanding the purpose of what i want to achieve. Self-managed learning can benifit me by helping me to understandand overcome difficulties at work. I need to learn more about the disabilitys that the person i care for has, and try to plan more wisely my approach to deal with situatuions that occur.Larning outcome 2 (LO2)EVALUATE MY OWN CURRENT SKILLS AND COMPETENCIES AGAINST PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS AND ORGANISATIONAL OBJECTIVES BELOWIDENTIFY OWN DEVELOPMENT NEEDS AND THE ACTIVITIES REQUIRED TO MEET THEM BELOW DEVISE A PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN WITH CLEAR AIMS AND OBJECTIVES AND fourth dimensionSCALE establish ON IDENTIFIED NEEDS BELOWDISCUSS THE PROCESSES AND ACTIVITIES REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN INCLUDING EFFECTIVE TIME MANAGEMENT SRATAGIES REFLECT ON TIME MANAGEMENT STRATAGIES THAT I WILL NEED TO IMPLY IN ORDER TO SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETER MY DEVELOPMENT AN MEET MY DEMANDS .. BELOW Learning outcome 3 (LO3) encounter AND DOCUMENT THE DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES AS PLANNED . USING YOUR DEVELOPMENT PLAN. COMPLETE THE ACTIVITIES THAT YOU strike off OUT AS YOUR NEEDS FOR DEVELOPMENT . RESEARCH WAYS IN WHICH I shadow DEVELOP MYSELF AS A PERSON IN MY CHOOSEN PROFESSIONREFLECT CRITICALLY ON MY OWN LEARNING AGAINST THE ORIGINAL AIMS AND OBJECTIVES SET IN DEVELOPMENT PLAN .. SHORT CRITICAL REFLECTION ON MY PROGRESS IN TERMS OF MY AIMS AND OBJECTIVES I SET ON MY DEVEPMENT PLAN .. CAN USE FEEDBACK FROM WORK COLLEGUESCONSIDER LEARNING STYLES AND STRATAGIES TYPES OF STYLES AWARENESS OF OWN PERSONAL STYLE IMPACT OF PERSONAL STYLE AND INTERACTIONS WITH OTHERS LEARNING FROM OTHERS FORMAL LEARNING . TRAING mirror image MENTORING SUPERVISION TUTORIALS INFORMAL NETWORKS TEAM MEMBER S LINE MAGERS OTHER PROFESSIONS MONITORING . REFLECTING . PLANINGLearning outcome 4 (LO4)SEE PIECE OF PAPERUSE ALL IMFORMATION AND SKILLS THAT I HAVE GAINED THOUGHOUT THE UNIT AN DEMENSTATE MY ABILITY TO SOLVE A PROBLEM IN THE WORK PLACE SITUATIONS

African Americans in American Society 1920s Essay

Throughout US history, there is an abundance of racism, segregation and discrimination towards the African American people. In 1619, the first African slaves were brought to Jamest have got to produce tobacco, tea, cotton, coffee and other precious commodities. In this time period, 12 million Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas, where they worked as slaves until 1865, where the thirteenth Am terminationment abolished slavery.Although suppressed by exsanguines and organisations such as the Ku Klux Klan, African Americans in the 1920s began to work towards social, economic and political independence as well as granting immunity from segregation and discrimination. From this decade, groups in favour of ending prejudice towards African Americans were formed, such as the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) led by W. E. B. DuBois and the UNIA (Universal pitch blackness profit Association) led by Marcus Garvey, who, in their take in rights , continued the legacy of Booker T.Washington who had worked towards fatal rights in the 1890s. * We must canonize our own saints, create our own martyrs, and elevate to positions of fame and honor black men and women who have made distinct contri barelyions to our racial history Marcus Garvey World War I was a perfect probability for African Americans to prove themselves to their white neighbours, and fulfil the policies of Booker T. Washington, that in order to achieve acceptance, equality and freedom, they must first prove that they are worthy of their rights, which was do through service in the armed forces.However, instead of being judge by white society, African Americans nettle up that racial tensions only grew during the 1920s. Starting from the 1910s, a phenomenon had been occurring cognise as the cracking Migration the front end of African Americans from Southern cities to Northern ones as a result of extreme racism, the threat of lynching and the general tresp ass from whites. The African American population grew from 44 000 in 1920 to 234 000 in 1930 in Chicago, and Black Chicagoans gained access to city jobs, expanded their professional class and even come through elective office in local and state government.However, in places such as Harlem, New York City, many African Americans were forced into minor(ip) ghettos due to the unavailability of housing to them. Despite this, migration to the North meant that African Americans had become a powerful voting group, one that many white politicians took interest in (such as the communist Party of America) and overly pushed for civil rights of African Americans as they realised that racism was not just a Southern problem. Another side effect of the Great Migration, and ghettos was the flourishing of African American culture in the Black, or Harlem Renaissance.This movement was characterised by the idea of the New Negro whose intellect through music, art and literary works would challenge racism and stereotypes to promote progressive politics and social integration. whizz such example of the New Negro is Marcus Garvey, the Jamaican-born miscarry of the UNIA, who acted the part of a Negro king, established the African Orthodox Church and promoted a policy of separatism and a move of all African Americans back to Africa.The Harlem Renaissance saw a new culture develop in Harlem, the ghetto backstreets of New York City, where African Americans would reach back to their rich cultural heritage and produce creative works to say their feelings in the 1920s, such as Jazz music, which employed the minds of Louis Arm substantial, Jelly Roll Morton, Duke Ellington and many more. Other famous figures include Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston and Countee Cullen, who inspired African Americans to remain strong despite the threat of racial violence.As a result of the Harlem Renaissance and the culture produced there, African Americans through taking pride in their heritage fo und empowerment, which lead to the beginnings of groups such as the Civil Rights Movement, and also, due to the significant effect they had on white culture (such as the development of modern music) it was impossible for white Americans to ignore the achievements occurring in Harlem and other black communities, and allow segregation to continue at such a large scale.Despite the cultural developments in Harlem and the formation of the African American identity, white culture found it extremely difficult to accept their black neighbours, leading to racial tensions, and oft as a result, lynchings. One such example of racial tension leading to horrific consequences was the Tulsa Race Riots. In 1921, Tulsa Oklahoma was experiencing an economic boom thanks to the discovery of oil. Due to this African Americans also prospered, although confined to the Greenwood section of the city, also referred to as the Black Wall Street, due to a number of wealthy black entrepreneurs residing there.At this time, membership in the Ku Klux Klan was rising and there was an active chapter in Tulsa. On Memorial Day, a riot was triggered by a report in several white newspapers that a white, female elevator operator had been allegedly raped by black youths. In response to this, rumours circulated around the city that a coterie was going to onrush to lynch the youths, then a group of armed African Americans bolted to the local police station in order to stop the lynching mob, that did not exist.A confrontation followed where shots were fired and several whites killed. As news of the events spread through Tulsa, thousands of whites caused uproar through Greenwood as they ran through the Black Wall Street, killing African Americans and vandalising, burning and looting homes and businesses. However, when the National Guard was called in, only blacks were arrested (around four or five thousand), and as a result of the days violence, around 35 blocks of Greenwood were destroyed, $1.5 milli on worth of damage caused, and reports of up to 300 African Americans killed, and only 20 whites. Today, white citizens of Oklahoma have only recently accepted the blame for the hundreds of deaths as a result of the Tulsa Race Riots. * I was frequently whipped and also range into an electric chair and shocked and strangling drugs would be put in my nose to make me tell that others had killed or shot at white people and force me to testify against them Alf Banks.One of the many goals of the NAACP was to make Black Americans aware of their political rights, including their right to vote. They also wished to see an end to the lynching of African Americans passim the US, and with the table service of the Tuskegee Institute compiled information that revealed that from 1890 to 1921, there had been more lynchings than executions, and that of the 4096 know lynchings, 810 of those had been for rape or attempted rape.In 1922, the law known as the Dyer Anti-Lynching Law was passed through the House of Represendatives with more than two-thirds in favour of the bill, but failed to make it through the Senate, due to the lack of political will in the 1920s to see an end to lynching, and also because of the influence of the Southern Democrats. However, due to the research undertaken by the NAACP and the Tuskegee Institute being released in the press, and thus, to the general public, the outcry leads to a decrease in lynchings. In 1923, the NAACP gained an impressive legal victory against the courts of Arkansas in what is known as the Moore versus Dempsey case.In the Elaine, Arkansas riot of 1919, 5 whites were killed, allegedly by African Americans. As a result of this, over 700 African Americans were arrested, 67 sent to prison and 12 sentenced to death, after being tried by an all white jury. Walter White, a member of the NAACP, took interest in the case and after change of location to Arkansas posing as a newspaper reporter, and into Phillips County where the massacre took place, he published what he had found. The NAACP then hired black and white lawyers, who argued that due to the mob that had circled the courthouse on the day of the trial, the 12 men had not received a fair trial.On the 19th of February 1923, the Supreme Court decided in the favour of the NAACP, the case was handed down to the lower courts and all 12 men were freed. * Until your produce what the white man has produced, you will not be his equal Marcus Garvey Marcus Garvey, the founder of the UNIA believed that the only way to establish African Americans as an independent group was through capitalism. On January 30 1920, the Negro Factories Corporation was created in Delaware, whose purpose was to help African Americans rely on their own efforts.By May the same year, the corporation had taken over the management of the steam laundry in Harlem, and was also opening millinery. Soon afterwards in June, the organisation had commenced the production of UNIA uniforms and insignia a t the Universal Tailoring and Dress Making Department. Throughout America, UNIA branches were encouraged to buy into their own buildings and open their own businesses, such as the Panama branch, which ran a bakery. The shares however, of these establishments were open to only to members of the UNIA. In 1921, the Negro Factories Corporation fell victim to organisational mismanagement, and ceased operations.Although the company never reached the height of Garveys vision, it gave hundreds of African Americans hope by providing people with employment in Harlem, as well as assistance through aid societies, small loans and death benefits. Another organisation set up to help stimulate the African American economy was the National Urban League, although established in 1910, helped African Americans migrate from rural to urban areas during the 1920s, its purpose being to promote, encourage, assist and engage in any and all kinds of work for improving the industrial, economic, social and spir itual conditions among Negroes.In 1921, the Department of Research was created by the League for the purpose of surveying Black populations in northern cities, resulting in the discovery African Americans faced regarding employment, sanitation and hygiene, and development. By addressing these problems, the League quickly grew, and is still in action today. One of the main problems facing African Americans when seeking employment was that union membership was discouraged throughout the 1920s, by the American Federation of Labor (AFL). This, along with the increased job competition brought round by migrants, lead to a weakened labour movement in the US.All African American unionists were banned from condemning the activities of the Ku Klux Klan, and the anti-labour behaviour of capitalists (who believed African Americans were associated with the increased industrialist power) lead not only to increased racial tension, but also further economic competition between lower classes. The Communist Party of America had hoped through their own establishment, the American Negro Labor congress that all African American unionists would be brought together, in order to assist their own political fortunes.This movement however had little support, with less than 200 African American members in 1928. Due to the difficulties African Americans had with finding work should they be part of a union, as well as the increased racial tensions brought about with taking up their rights to be part of a union, memberships declined from 5 million to 3. 5 million by the end of the 1920s. Despite the difficulties African Americans had finding work, when really in employment, the pay differences between white and black workers, especially in factories, were small.Unfortunately, the jobs open to African Americans were generally limited and concentrated around unskilled labour, which was often unpleasant, and dangerous, such as working in blast furnaces in steel plants, or in the killing an d cutting departments of meat packing plants. Also, because of the reluctance of blacks to junction unions (many employers banned union membership) they were more likely to be hired at times of strikes. The Ford Motor Company hired large amounts of African American factory workers, starting with only 50 in 1916, and increasing to over 10 000 in 1926.Unlike motor companies in Detroit who refused to hire African American workers, Ford treated their black employees with the same policy as their white employees, including the amount of working hours paid, with only a 40 hour, 5 day calendar week for workers, unlike companies in the steel industry which supported a 12 hour day. The lack of education in African Americans, with the average standard of highest education being the 5th grade (the average for whites being 8th grade), lead many to seek work at the Ford Motor Company, and by the end of the 1920s, accounting for 7% of the total workforce.* As a result of all that occurred in th e 1920s African American USA, many examples of what were achieved, and what happened can be seen today, in modern America. For example, the Harlem Renaissance which saw the flourishing of Jazz Music in New York, helped lead to the music we hear today. The NAACP which gained legal victories, such as the Moore versus Dempsey case, and helped win Blacks civil rights, is still operating today, as Americas oldest and largest civil rights group for ethnic minorities.The Great Migration, and willingness for black workers to prove themselves, established African American populations in all major cities in America, making them a huge driving force in politics, and incorporated them into what we now see a passably less racist, more accepting society. America, as we know it, would never have occurred unless African Americans had been there to influence the growth of one of the largest capitalist societies in the world. Bibliography Harlan, L. R. (1974 source). annals Matters.on-line. Avail able from http//historymatters. gmu. edu/d/39 accessed 16 Aug. 2010 South Dakota Alliance for Distance Education. (2002). The 1920s. on-line. Available from http//doe. sd. gov/octa/ddn4learning/themeunits/1920s/americans. htm accessed 18 Aug. 1010 Manning, C. (2005). African Americans. on-line. Available from http// cyclopaedia. chicagohistory. org/pages/27. html accessed 18 Aug. 2010 educational Broadcasting Corporation. (2002). on-line.Available from http//www. pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/ accessed 18 Aug. 2010 Ogunyemi, B. (2009). Tulsa Oklahomas Greenwood District. on-line. Available from http//traditionofexcellence. wordpress. com/2008/02/08/tulsa-oklahomas-greenwood-district-black-wall-street/ Accessed 24 solemn 2010 Schultz, S. (1999). Civil Rights in an Uncivil Society. on-line Available from http//us. history. wisc. edu/hist102/lectures/lecture26. html accessed 24 August 2010 Ellsworth, S. (2010). The Tulsa Race Riot. on-line.Available from http//www.tulsareparations. org/T ulsaRiot. htm accessed 24 August 2010 Van Leeuwen, D. (2000). Marcus Garvey and the UNIA. on-line. Available from http//nationalhumanitiescenter. org/tserve/twenty/tkeyinfo/garvey. htm accessed 19 August 2010 Maloney T. M. (2010). African Americans in the 20th Century. on-line. Available from http//en. net/encyclopedia/article/maloney. african. american accessed 19 August 2010 Library of Congress. (2009). African Americans and Consumerism. on-line. Available from

China Dolls Essay

Jeffrey Cheong picked up the folder marked URGENT, which his secretary had just placed on his table and looked at its content. The folder contained letters from two of his major clients, KiKi and Houida. Both KiKi and Houida, two European spurt houses, were Haute Couture Fashion Berhad (HCF)s depression customers and take in been with HCF since its inception. They were writing to Jeffrey to inform him that they may be looking at to China to tighten manufacture for them as the prices there were very competitive.Jeffrey stared out of his window in contemplation. He was in a dilemma. Loss of its two major clients would be disastrous to HCF. As it s to a faultd, HCF had been experiencing falling margins and profits over the last few years as evidenced in the financial statework effectivenessts enclosed. Loss of Kiki and Houida would mean that HCF would then be incurring losses.As soon as his other clients heard of this new development, they too would be taking similar steps. Jeff rey realised he had to review his strategy quickly if he cute to retain the present clientele. He knew the inevitable. During the late 1990s and into the premature 21st century, China had made inroads into the textile industry and was forecasted to grow further. Following the relaxation of trade barriers, many of the European and American fashion houses were looking at importing change state from China at very low prices. This was mainly due to its low operating constitutes. This had a massive negative allude on many companies operating at spunkyer costs and based elsewhere. The previous adverse perception of Made in China labels had slowly changed as China now manufactured clothes that are higher quality at substantially lower operating costs.If Jeffrey wanted to survive in this industry, he too must consider moving his operations to China.Haute Couture Fashions Bhd (HCF)Houte Couture Fashions Bhd was established in the 1974 by the Tan family. Tan Boon Kheong, the patriarch o f the Tan family was a apt master cutter,trained by British cutters in 1950s in Penang. He ran a small but successful business tailoring mens clothing in Argyll Road, Penang until his retirement in 1980. nib Tan, the oldest son of Tan Boon Kheong, initially under his father as a young 17-year-old but after three years left for Europe as he was interested in creating for both men and womens fashion, quite than merely tailoring mens suits and pants. His sojourn in Europe saw him training at Yves St Laurent and Gucci. He had a keen eye on womens silhouette and soon established himself as a talented designer. Many of the fashion houses were happy to employ him into their team. He returned to Malaysia with a wealth of experience, anxious(predicate) to put his newly acquired knowledge into use. His return to Malaysia coincided with the trend of European clothes manufacturers looking at Asia for outsourcing. Peter saw this as an opportunity to kick-start his business venture, particula rly with his contacts with the European fashion houses.HCF started out as a family owned business with all of its shares being held by the Tan family. Peter prepared to bid for contract manufacturing deals with the European fashion houses. With the help of his contacts and excellent track record with the fashion houses, he soon managed to convince three of them to sign outsourcing deals with him. These fashion houses were keen on doing business with the people known to them as they set-off their new venture.HCFs GrowthHCF started its first fully equipped factory in Penang in November1974. Under Peters helm, HCF very quickly established itself as a high quality manufacturer of both mens and womens clothes. It had no clog meeting the pauperization of the fashion houses as Peter had recruited several European-trained Malaysian designers to join his team.By late of 1970s, HCFs turnover had reached RM10 one thousand thousand. Over the ensuing quintet years since its inception, HCF had managed to add two more European fashion houses into its customer base. HCFs talented designers wereproviding inputs toward the development of the ready-to-wear designs and were well received by the fashion houses. HCF was now faced with a problem. The factory located in Penang was no longer big enough to cope with the production capacity. Peter quickly sourced a large plot of land in mainland Penang Butterworth and began building a new and much larger state-of-the-art factory to cater for the growing demand.In July 1980, HCF candid its new factory in Butterworth. Peter, then the Managing Director of HCF, decided not to shut down the Penang factory but leand both factories. HCF then employed mingled with 80 to 100, mostly tailors in the Penang factory, while the Butterworth factory employed nearly 300 employees.HCF continued to experience growth in sales throughout the early 1980s to mid 1990s, charted annual sales of around RM100 million. Its customer base had also increased, drawing in customers from Europe as well as America. moolah were also riding high. HCF opened two more factories. In 1990, it opened its third factory in Jitra, Kedah. The factory had a capacity of producing 1 million garments a year with a strength of 300 employees. In 1995, due to even increasing demand for its clothes, HCF decided to open its fourth factory with a production capacity of 2 million garments a year. This time, it looked to Thailand, as delve was very cheap. HCF set up a wholly owned subsidiary Haute Couture (Thailand) Pte. Ltd to operate the Chieng Mai based factory. It recruited about 500 employees.In 1997, Malaysia was facing financial crisis, with foreign exchange market volatility being the main issue. Manufacturers with foreign customers were unable to note their contract price as exchange evaluate fluctuated. HCF was cought unaware. HCF had to tender for a contract six months before the delivery of the consignment. Fluctuation in the exchange rates made i t impossible to predict the cost of material that HCF had to purchase form the fashion houses. HCF found itself selling its garments at very low margins for the very first time. 1998 saw HCF suffering its first loss since its inception. Many of its competitors also suffered losses and some even had to cease manufacturing. In a bid to survive the financial tsunami that had hitMalaysia, Peter Tan consolidated HCFs position by deciding to cut operating costs.HCFs major cost apart from the cost of imported material was labour cost. Peter Tan made the decision to shut down the Penang factory, much to the dissent of his father. HCF was still able to meet the demand while still operating the other three factories in Butterworth, Jitra and Chieng Mai. He also decided to shift as much of the production to Chieng Mai, as the labour cost was a quarter of the labour cost incurred in the Malaysian factories. Moreover, HCF was facing labour shortage problems in Malaysia, as many of the labour for ce were moving to the cities for better prospects. As a result of this consolidation exercise, about 300 of HCFs employees were made redundant, many of whom had been with HCF since its inception.Over the next few years, its profitability increased gradually and HCF slowly pulled itself out of the loss making situation. HCF managed this difficult feat because of its customer base as well as its reputation for high quality clothes, which commanded premium prices with its customers. The financial crisis had not affected Europe much, and as such, demand for the clothes continued.HCFs Contract Manufacturing StructureThe contract manufacturing deals signed with the European fashion houses were such that the designs were provided by the fashion houses and HCF had to adhere to the designs when producing the respective labels. The fashion houses welcomed suggestions from HCFs designers but were particular that the designs were not crossed between the various labels that HCF was producing. bumble producing design between labels would be disastrous for HCF as it would immediately loose the contract for the labels involved.Further, the European fashion houses would supply the material for the clothes as they wanted to maintain the quality of the output. HCF purchased the material, sourced for appropriate accessories locally and produced the clothes. The fashion houses would contract for a specialised quantity of a specific design at a specific quality to be delivered at a specific time. Any variation outside the contract stipulation would have to be borne by HCF itself.Usually, the contracts were for delivery of clothes one season ahead. This meant that summers design clothes would have to be delivered by the beginning of spring. HCF would sell the manufactured clothes at a contracted price. The fashion houses allowed HCF to tender for the contract price based on the design, quantity and price of material supplied. The contract tendering process usually took place abou t six months before the due date for the delivery of a seasons batch.HCFs CustomersHCF manufactured ready-to-wear clothes for a number of European and American fashion houses. Its clothes were well-sought after for its modern designs and high quality finishing. HCFs customers have remained loyal over the last three decades, although its major coup was the securing of 2 major American fashion houses as its customers within the last 5 years. All of HCFs clothing was manufactured under the customers own label.

Write about some of the ways Fitzgerald tells the story in chapter 1 of The Great Gatsby

Fitzgeralds autobiographical first person means of telling the layer in a steering that takes the ref into his confidence by retelling a recollection of significant events. It is immdeiatly noniceable that Fitzgeralds sentence structure is complex and his vocabulary some eras obscure only Gatsby, the man who gives this book its name was exempt from my reaction Gatsby, who represented e reallything I was scornful of.If personality is an unbroken series of masteryful gestures, therefore there was something gorgeous about him Fitzgerald asserts the idea that although Nick Caraway is the should storyteller of this book, the story is about a a great deal greater man one whom the narrator is set to admire so much that the use of language to describe him gives Nick a new opine on a set of tidy sum he once hated, so much so, he decides to write a book about him.Fitzgerald introduces Nick just returning to the Midwest after the elegant war, he settles in the west egg but finds him self starting the story by visiting his cousin Daisy and tom the consoling proximity of millionaires in the much more glamorous east egg, Fitzgerald is perhaps emphasising this was the norm for Nick having grown up with much(prenominal) people as a child. Fitzgerald begins the story with a stimulus generalization of himself I m inclined to reserve all judgements separating himself from the likes of other judgemental upper class characters, which whom are given the most attention to.The likes of characters such(prenominal) as Daisy, Tom and Jordan are given almost choric voices well you ought to see her shes- the characters constantly cutting each other off with ongoing information to the story such as rumours hes got some charr in new York the idea of scandal and covered up rumours seems to dominate this chapter, although Jordan has only just met Nick, Fitzgerald does not hold back on writing Jordan so she already reveals a huge scandalous piece of gossip emphasising how these c haracters.Fitzgerald presents women in this chapter in a very unusual way splendidly, luagiduly, their hands set lightly on their hips, the two young women proceeded us out on to a rosy coloured porch the imagery of two young women leading them into this heavenly place emphasises them as delicate and beautiful for a moment the last sunshine fell wild-eyedally upon her anxious face the sensual imagery Tom uses to describe Jordan presents some type of respect Fitzgerald is able to see for women, however it is contrasted to a much lower view of women when Daisy states thats the best thing a woman can be in this world a beautiful fool where she expresses her opinion that a woman can only get by on looks and total ignorance to how a man should treat her. Some readers are irritated by nick caraway as a narrator, what is your view of Nick as a narrator? Fitzgeralds interesting and dexterous use of such a character is in no way a mistake, he would have been aware of the dangers from su ch an unusual means of narrating, however it works very well and makes this book the success it is.The use of Nick as more of a spector than an actual narrator involves us as readers and allows us to make up our own minds about the characters preferably than having a central character as a narrator who may be in love with Daisy or hate Tom, whose language would then word form our own opinion of them. Nick is able to re-call past events in a very serious tone but yet at the same time his sensual and light-headedness description on small matters reflect pleasure onto the reader I had two finger bowels of champagne, and the scene had changed before my eyes into something significant, elemental and labored commenting on small humorous parts of the story make the reader more able to relate as in our own lives we would notice such changes after a drink, Fitzgerald gives nick very realistic qualities here which means the story is more lifelike for the reader to enjoy.However, there ar e some aspects of the story in sensual description where Nick elevates his dramatic and in depth description that may not be so down to earth, but uncomplete the less engage the reader in the very beautifully worded lines. for a moment the last sunshine fell romantically upon her glowing face the way in which women are presented through Nicks eyes gain him a certain amount of respect for him as a narrator which give gain to the readers interest in his own characteristics, he is clearly a very passionate and respectable man in his romantic interests which in numerous ways erase from the readers mind any doubts they may of had at the start of his attitude to women when it is told he left a woman behind to move to the east egg.It is easy to suggest that without Nicks descriptive detail and constant symbolism, the fiction would have been a break dance less obscure portrayal of events, however without Nicks ignorance and unfamiliarity to Gatsby at the start, Fitzgerald would have ne ver been able to create this sense of enigma about him that engages the reader about this unknown mysterious character. He stretched out his arms in a curious way towards the water, and, far as I was from him, I could have sworn he was trembling. Fitzgerald also uses such a character as he is able to connect more with Gatsby upon living in the same less glamorous egg they are in many ways similar through their views on life, money and love a realistic friendship. Scott Fitzgerald was interested in many ways to present Gatsby through Nick he stated once how symbolism can produce a figure of magical transformation in which the physical world might, through an act of imagination, come to assume the quality of ideal.So at the end of the novel Nick no longer looks at the world through symbolism as he remarks he must have looked up at a familiar sky through frightening lease and shivered as he found was grotesque thing a rose is and how raw the sunlight was upon the secrecy grass Fitz gerald here uses this technique to cut Nicks symbolic language on beautiful things, to mirror the down turn of events and keep in with the language to reflect the mood of gloom the reader may be feeling, again heightening the readers opinion of Nick, as he is many ways realistic when it comes to the language he uses to express events that arent so glamorous. The use of Nick as a narrator is without a doubt a genius idea from Fitzgerald. He was able to contrast the norm and expected narrator but yet at the same time engage the reader with it. The writer is kept realistic, with real romances such as his relationship with Jordan giving him his own story but yet still present Gatsby in the intelligent and beautiful way Fitzgerald intended.

Poetic form meter Essay

Exploring how Allen Curnow portrays the search for inspiration in Continuum In the numbers Continuum by Allen Curnow, he tells us about his lack of inspiration. The theme of the verse form revolves around poetic inspiration, and how he is unable to get inspiration. Allen Curnow uses a variety of stylistic devices to portray this. The title, Continuum, shows us that the problem Allen Curnow talks about, his lack of inspiration, is never finishing and is continuing all the time, i.e., it is continuous. The initiatory stanza signifies the first stage of poetic inspiration and also shows us Curnows unstable thoughts the roof falls behind, as he is unable to compose poetry he is in a sense, rolling and falling all over the place so to speak.In the first line, the word moon is used as an image a symbol for Curnow. As the moon is unable to shine on its own (it has to draw its informal and energy from the sun), honest like that Curnow depends on his writing to keep him going in life. T he first stanza also tells the reader about the setting and time of the poem which is at night. The moon also evokes images of loneliness and a solitary state in that it is the only bright object in the night sky just like Curnow is the only (and therefore lonely) person awake at night. The poem has no definite rhyme scheme, suggesting to us that the poet is finding it difficult to express his thoughts, and he cannot tap into the world of imagination.The last line of the first stanza I am talking about myself. Is a clear statement of his frustration and his inability to write. In the next stanza, Curnow is seeking connection with nature to find poetic inspiration. The line, Its not possible to get off to residue, tells the reader that the poet is unable to sleep which shows that something is troubling him. He tries to convey that its as tough to get unblock of his thoughts as it is to get rid off the planet. Curnow goes out barefoot, to rid himself of the human material and wants to connect with nature.

Biological approach to health and social care Essay

The biological progression force out be used to explain many thing within health and social care, it can alike be useful in diagnosing and treating service users, and is effective for practitioners to asses and inspection and repair their patience within heath care and social care alike. The biological near can piss a positive impact on the service user because tests such as the assessment scale are available so that they can fully understand why there behaviour is the way it is, and to a fault what is normal and abnormal for their age. It is useful for practitioners to know if the influence of genetics has anything to do with a persons behaviour so that they can give the service user the best possible help and attention. Genetic testing is also useful it has potential benefits whether the results are positive or negative for a gene mutation. Test results can provide a sense of relief from suspicion and help people make informed decisions about managing their health care.For example, a negative result can eliminate the need for unnecessary check-ups and screening tests in some cases. A positive result can direct a person toward available prevention, monitoring, and treatment options. Some test results can also help people make decisions about having children. New-born screening can identify genetic disorders early in life so treatment can be started as early as possible. A social care worker could use the assessment scale effectively on children to determine whether or non they have additional needs that need to be dealt with such as a learning disability, however once that child has being diagnosed with this problem the biological approach doesnt then tell the practitioner how to treat or help that child, this is because every childs needs are slightly different and there are a wide range of problems that need different treatment for.Also the assessment scale wouldnt be useful within the health care sector for example caring for an adult with clinica l depression, the assessment scale Is very limited and therefore is only useful within a small area of health and social care. However a service user with severe depression would benefit from the biological approach by rivet on genetic testing and medication. Depression is thought to involve both genetic and purlieual factors, with genetics playing a larger role in the type of depression that is severe and recurrent, and a study has identified a region of DNA that may include a gene or genes that restore an individuals vulnerability to severe persistent depression.From this research biological physiologists can make a clearlink between genes and depression and can then advice patience on the best possible method of improving their health. On a wider scale of health and social care hormones and brain legal action can be used to explain why people behave in certain ways and how it can affect their everyday lives or others somewhat them for example a patient with a brain damage, t he biological approach explains why and how the person may react and how that particular injury effects their behavior. at that place are many strengths of the biological approach one strength is that this approach is supported by recent accurate research. Our understanding of genetics and the structure of gentlemans gentleman genes may be used as support, together with all the medical techniques, such as MRI, to state exactly how the brain and its chemicals affect our behaviour. For example, scans can show which part of the brain are active during a particular behaviour, which would help us to develop therapy. Another benefit of the biological perspective is that it has a gritty success rate in treatment. For example, someone might be given an antidepressant drug and might begin to feel better.Whether its medication or slight common biological treatments, like therapy or Biofeedback modern biological treatments have shown to be successful at treating mental illness, particularl y in patients who do not respond well to talk therapy. .Despite this, it ignores the profound effect environment can have on people. For example, what if a patient is depressed because of personal problems such as losing his job, or death in a family.These are situations that can play a role in whether or not a person is emotion depressed., the biological perspective is often seen as limited, since it neglects other possible causes for behaviour, the impact of different cultural upbringings, mental states, and emotional desires. For example, it focuses too much on the temperament side of the nature/nurture debate. It argues that behavior is caused by hormones and genetics. One theory is that schizophrenia is genetic however, twin studies show that it is not completely genetic and the environment has a part to play.

Imposing a Narrative: Political Agendas in Film Essay

Writers all face the same sensitive situation when beginning to compose a tommyrot, to create a narrative which accurately reflects the appropriate political commentary. Journalists often cl draw to be apolitical and purely objective, however, the fact of the matter is that the best a journalist can do is to aim to be as nonbiased and formal as possible in their political assertions. Other writers have it easier in that they ar able to perhaps lean a bit further into one political direction over another, to make a chronicle more in- person and informal.For example, Michael Moores recent involve Sicko places focus on the health care system as being in need of reform, utilizing obviously pro-Democratic rhetoric (2007). Moore squalls heed to the socialist ideals in Europe which have strengthened the health care system in carriages such as reducing costs to patients and increase quality of life, in comparison to the United States. Some screenplay writers are confident in their a im to politicize certain issues, to use their artistic talent to call attention to social problems.See more how to start a face-to-face narrative essay examplesNora Ephron claims that for something to matter it must be political, asserting the steer of view that it is vital for writers to impose a narrative on the audience in an effort to open minds to political perspectives (1992, 453). In incorporating the objective truth of events into films, it is inbred to add enough personal and political opinion to be able to create a story which is full of touching meaning and excitement sort of than purely disjointed factual analysis.Purpose of Screenwriter Ephron claims that imposing a narrative about an actual event or true life story is the writers version of what happened (1992, 454). This version of reality necessitates some elements of fiction, in that there is rarely a time when any writer knows the exact term of events in detail. The best that a writer can do, the responsibili ty of a writer, is to fill in the gaps with educated, plausible, exciting, and political guesses as to what whitethorn have occurred.When researching events, even events which may have just happened the day before, the writer is often faced with historical fact and ongoing myth (Ephron, 1992, 454). It is the responsibility of the talented and politically minded writer to supplement what is known with what is unknown, in order to weave a fuller fabric through and through storytelling. In screenwriting, the writer is concerned with taking what is known to be objective fact and interspersing these facts with notional images and ideas, so that the writer is able to tell a story which has a political agenda and imposes a certain narrative on the audience.Although many journalists disagree with the artistic elements of screenwriting, in which known facts are supplemented with interesting guesses and thought provoking speculations, there is simply no other way to produce an effective film without the influencing element of subjective narration. It would be impossible to create a movie about the life of Marilyn Monroe without adding some devised elements of pure fiction to what is actually known to be factual information about her life. Without the fiction, the facts would stand alone, hanging there as spots of time.No one person knows simply the thoughts and activities of any other person, so if one person wants to create a film about the life of another person, is it requirement to be able to blast the story of what actually occurred with what may have occurred. In this way, the story becomes full, interesting, and rich. The writer is able to contribute something of oneself into the final product. In this way, the completed film becomes a personal and meaningful sequence of events, some events being factual, and some events being fictional.In any case, one can rest assured that writers take time and cogency necessary to infuse their documentary screenplays with colorful characters and powerful emotion, so that audience members are able to be moved and swayed in accordance with the intention of the creative process. Narrative in Film When considering the purpose of storytelling in film, particularly when the film is based upon the true story of a persons life, it is important to be able to appreciate the ways in which facts are coupled with fiction in the effort to produce scenes and characters which come to life for the audience.This liveliness is often romantic, dramatic, political, so far is vital for the richness of the tale and the ability of the writer to devote oneself to the story on a personal and passionate level. One particularly moving film is A Beautiful Mind, based on the life of John Forbes Nash, Jr. , Nobel Laureate in Economics (Howard, 2001). Nash developed a highly respected opening of economics which is referred to as the Nash Equilibrium, which basically states that the motives of the individual and the motives of th e group are correlated, in support of cooperative decision making.Nash was also known to have been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, a fact acknowledged in the film. However, the bar scene where Nash unsuccessfully tries to strike up conversations with women and admits to his pals that he is better with numbers than with people is a fictional story devised by the screenwriter. It is personal situations such as this, the drawing together of Nashs tremendous genius and social insecurity into a college bar excursion with his buddies, which aim to personalize and politicize the story of a persons life.It is up to the audience to determine whether or not they believe Nash tried to pick up on women and failed, if his insecurity was the result of a mental illness or of experiencing the assault of human society, if he was simply shyer and less aggressive than other men, if he was learning something about economics when faced with this social situation. The possibilities are endless. In creating this personal interlude into what could have been a plausible occurrence in Nashs life, the writer brings the audience into a fabricated yet intimate scene of what could have contributed to the experience of what it meant to be Nash.Conclusion In addressing the truth of the world through the medium of film, it is essential for writers to be aware that their documentaries necessarily must be empowered by bridging cultural divides and inspiring hope in overcoming political turmoil. It is essential that writing expose the harsh realities of a volatile world, educate and motivate people, and utilize entertainment through modes of humor and drama (Barnard, 2007).In films such as A Beautiful Mind, the lives of the characters become intimate appraisals of the human soul, and audience members reflect upon their own personal experiences and judgments as a result of this delving into the story of another persons life. Political events in films, such as suggesting that psychiatric me dication was not helpful to Nash, have a reverberating effect on the spotless society and force people to make personal conclusions about what is right and wrong in the world.Although it is not the job of a screenwriter to misconstrue the facts, it is for certain the job of a writer to decorate the story with intimate yet fictional events, to make certain that the audience is absorbed in the entertainment of the compel narrative, and to take the meaning of the story in just enough of a political direction to inspire people to think about their world a little bit differently than they may have done before.

Industrial Policy

INDUSTRIAL POLICY SINCE 1956 When India achieved Independence in 1947, the national consensus was in favour of rapid industrialization of the economy which was seen non only as the key to sparingal phylogenesis but as well to economic s everywhereeignty. In the subsequent years, Indias industrial insurance evolved through sequential industrial indemnity effects and Industrial indemnity tellments. Specific priorities for industrial schooling were besides laid w be in the successive quintet Year Plans.Building on the so-called Bombay Plan1 in the pre-Independence era, the beginning Industrial Policy Resolution announced in 1948 laid down broad contours of the strategy of industrial development. At that time the Constitution of India had not taken final shape nor was the Planning Commission constituted. Moreover, the needful legal framework was also not put in place. Not surprisingly therefore, the Resolution was around broad in its scope and direction. Yet, an burning (prenominal) distinction was made among industries to be kept under the grievous bodily harm ownership of organization, i. e. the unrestricted orbit, those reserved for private sector and the joint sector. Subsequently, the Indian Constitution was follow in January 1950, the Planning Commission was constituted in March 1950 and the Industrial (Department and Regulation) Act (IDR Act) was enacted in 1951 with the objective of empowering the administration to take necessary steps to regulate the mould of industrial development through licensing. This paved the expressive style for the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, which was the first gear comprehensive statement on the strategy for industrial development in India.Industrial Policy Resolution 1956 The Industrial Policy Resolution 1956 was shaped by the Mahalanobis Model of growth, which suggested that tenseness on heavy industries would lead the economy towards a long term senior higher growth path. The Resolution widened the scope of the humans sector. The objective was to accelerate 1 Bombay Plan prepared by leading Indian industrialists in 1944-45 had recommended government support for industrialization, including a direct employment in the intersectionion of capital goods. economic growth and boost the parade of industrialization as a means to achieving a socialistic pattern of society. Given the scarce capital and inadequate entrepreneurial ascendent, the Resolution accorded a predominant role to the body politic to assume direct responsibility for industrial development. All industries of basic and strategic importance and those in the character of public utility services besides those requiring coarse carapace coronation were reserved for the public sector.The Industrial Policy Resolution 1956 classified industries into three categories. The first category comprised 17 industries (included in Schedule A of the Resolution) exclusively under the domain of the presidential term. These included inter alia, railways, air transport, arms and amm social unition, iron and steel and nuclear energy. The second category comprised 12 industries (included in Schedule B of the Resolution), which were envisaged to be turn overively State have but private sector was expect to supplement the efforts of the State.The third category contained all the remaining industries and it was expected that private sector would initiate development of these industries but they would remain open for the State as well. It was envisaged that the State would facilitate and foster development of these industries in the private sector, in accordance with the programmes do workulated under the Five Year Plans, by appropriate fiscal measures and ensuring adequate stem. Despite the demarcation of industries into separate categories, the Resolution was whippy enough to al piteous the required adjustments and modifications in the national interest.Another objective spelt out in the Indust rial Policy Resolution 1956 was the removal of regional disparities through development of regions with low industrial base. Accordingly, adequate infrastructure for industrial development of such regions was duly emphasized. Given the potential to provide large- overcome employment, the Resolution reiterated the Governments determination to provide all sorts of assistance to small and cottage industries for wider dispersal of the industrial base and more equitable distribution of income.The Resolution, in fact, reflected the prevalent value system of India in the early 1950s, which was boil down on around self sufficiency in industrial 3 production. The Industrial Policy Resolution 1956 was a knowledge basemark insurance statement and it formed the basis of subsequent policy announcements. Industrial Policy Measures in the 1960s and 1970s Monopolies Inquiry Commission (MIC) was set up in 1964 to review various aspects pertaining to closeness of economic power and operations of industrial licensing under the IDR Act, 1951.While emphasizing that the planned economy contributed to the growth of attention, the identify by MIC concluded that the industrial licensing system enabled big business houses to obtain disproportionately large section of licenses which had led to pre-emption and foreclosure of capacity. Subsequently, the Industrial Licensing Policy Inquiry Committee (Dutt Committee), constituted in 1967, recommended that larger industrial houses should be given licenses only for setting up labor in core and heavy coronation sectors, thereby necessitating reorientation of industrial licensing policy.In 1969, the monopolies and restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act was introduced to enable the Government to effectively bidding con centimeimeration of economic power. The Dutt Committee had defined large business houses as those with assets of more than Rs. 350 jillion. The MRTP Act, 1969 defined large business houses as those with assets of R s. 200 million and above. Large industries were designated as MRTP companies and were eligible to participate in industries that were not reserved for the Government or the Small plateful sector.The new Industrial Licensing Policy of 1970 classified industries into tetrad categories. First category, termed as Core Sector, consisted of basic, critical and strategic industries. Second category termed as thick Investment Sector, comprised projects involving investing of more than Rs. 50 million. The third category, the Middle Sector consisted of projects with investment in the range of Rs. 10 million to Rs. 50 million. The fourth category was Delicensed Sector, in which investment was less(prenominal) than Rs. 0 million and was exempted from licensing requirements. The industrial licensing policy of 1970 4 confined the role of large business houses and exotic companies to the core, heavy and export oriented sectors. The Industrial Policy Statement 1973 With a view to prevent prodigal concentration of industrial activity in the large industrial houses, this Statement gave preference to small and specialty entrepreneurs over the large houses and alien companies in setting up of new capacity particularly in the production of mass consumption goods. advanced undertakings of up to Rs. 10 million by way of fixed assets were exempted from licensing requirements for square(a) involution of assets. This exemption was not allowed to MRTP companies, foreign companies and existing licensed or registered undertakings having fixed assets of Rs. 50 million and above. The Industrial Policy Statement -1977 This Statement emphasized decentralization of industrial sector with increase role for small scale, piddling and cottage industries. It also provided for close interaction between industrial and agricultural sectors.Highest priority was accorded to power times and transmission. It spread out the list of items reserved for exclusive production in the small scale sector from 180 to more than 500. For the first time, within the small scale sector, a tiny unit was defined as a unit with investment in machinery and equipment up to Rs. 0. 1 million and find out in towns or villages with a population of less than 50,000 (as per 1971 census). Basic goods, capital goods, high engine room industries measurable for development of small scale and agriculture sectors were clearly delineated for large scale sector.It was also tell that foreign companies that diluted their foreign equity up to 40 per cent under Foreign replacement Regulation Act (FERA) 1973 were to be treated at par with the Indian companies. The Policy Statement of 1977 also issued a list of industries where no foreign collaboration of financial or technical foul nature was allowed as indigenous technology was already available. Fully owned foreign companies were allowed only in highly export oriented sectors or sophisticated technology areas. For all approved foreign investments, companies were completely free to extradite capital and remit profits, dividends, royalties, etc. Further, in order to ensure balanced regional development, it was decided not to issue fresh licenses for setting up new industrial units within certain marks of large metropolitan cities (more than 1 million population) and urban areas (more than 0. 5 million population). Industrial Policy Statement -1980 The industrial Policy Statement of 1980 placed accent on promotion of competition in the home(prenominal) market, technological upgradatrion and modernisation of industries.Some of the socio-economic objectives spelt out in the Statement were i) optimum utilisation of installed capacity, ii) higher productivity, iii) higher employment levels, iv) removal of regional disparities, v) strengthening of agricultural base, vi) promotion of export oriented industries and vi) consumer protection against high prices and poor fictional character. Policy measures were announced to revive th e efficiency of public sector undertakings (PSUs) by developing the management cadres in utilitarian fields viz. operations, finance, marketing and information system. An instinctive expansion of capacity up to five per cent per annum was allowed, particularly in the core sector and in industries with long-term export potential. Special incentives were granted to industrial units which were engaged in industrial processes and technologies aiming at optimum utilization of energy and the exploitation of alternative sources of energy. In order to boost the development of small scale industries, the investment limit was raised to Rs. 2 million in small scale units and Rs. . 5 million in ancillary units. In the case of tiny units, investment limit was raised to Rs. 0. 2 million. Industrial Policy Measures during the 1980s Policy measures initiated in the first three decades since Independence facilitated the establishment of basic industries and building up of a broadbased infrastructu re in the country. The wholeness-seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1900), recognized the need for consolidation of these strengths and initiating policy measures to prepare the Indian industry to respond effectively to emerging challenges. A number of measures were initiated towards technological and managerial modernization to improve productivity, quality and to reduce cost of production. The public sector was freed from a number of constraints and was provided with greater autonomy. There was some progress in the process of deregulation during the 1980s. In 1988, all industries, excepting 26 industries specified in the negative list, were exempted from licensing. The exemption was, however, subject to investment and locational limitations.The automotive industry, cement, cotton spinning, food processing and polyester filament yarn industries witnessed modernization and expanded scales of production during the 1980s. With a view to promote industrialization of backward areas in the co untry, the Government of India announced in June, 1988 the Growth Centre Scheme under which 71 Growth Centers were proposed to be set up throughout the country. Growth centers were to be endowed with basic infrastructure facilities such as power, water, telecommunications and banking to enable them to attract industries.Industrial Policy Statement- 1991 The Industrial Policy Statement of 1991 stated that the Government will continue to pursue a hearty policy framework encompassing encouragement of entrepreneurship, development of indigenous technology through investment in research and development, bringing in new technology, dismantling of the regulatory system, development of the capital markets and increased combat for the benefit of common man.It further added that the spread of industrialization to backward areas of the country will be actively promoted through appropriate incentives, institutions and infrastructure investments. The objective of the Industrial Policy Statemen t 1991 was to maintain keep up growth in productivity, enhance gainful employment and achieve optimal utilization of human resources, to run into international competitiveness, and to transform India into a major partner and player in the global arena. Quite clearly, the commission of the policy was to unshackle the Indian industry from bureaucratic controls. This called for a number of far-reaching reforms A substantial modification of manufacture Licencing Policy was deemed necessary with a view to ease restraints on capacity creation, respond to emerging home(prenominal) and global opportunities by improving productivity. Accordingly, the Policy Statement included abolition of industrial licensing for most industries, proscribe a handful of industries for reasons of security and trategic concerns, social and environmental issues. Compulsory licencing was required only in consider of 18 industries. These included, inter alia, coal and lignite, distillation and brewing of alcoholic drinks, cigars and cigarettes, drugs and pharmaceuticals, white goods, hazardous chemicals. The small scale sector continued to be reserved. Norms for setting up industries (except for industries subject to compulsory licensing) in cities with more than one million population were further liberalised. Recognising the complementarily of domestic and foreign investment, foreign direct investment was accorded a strong role in policy announcements of 1991. Foreign direct investment (FDI) up to 51 per cent foreign equity in high priority industries requiring large investments and advanced technology was permitted. Foreign equity up to 51 per cent was also allowed in trading companies primarily engaged in export activities. These important initiatives were expected to provide a boost to investment besides enabling access to high technology and marketing expertise of foreign companies. With a view to inject technological dynamism in the Indian industry, the Government provided automatic approval for technological agreements related to high priority industries and eased procedures for hiring of foreign technical expertise. Major initiatives towards restructuring of public sector units (PSUs) were initiated, in view of their low productivity, over staffing, lack of technological upgradation and low rate of return. In order to raise resources and ensure wider public friendship PSUs, it was decided to offer its shareholding place to mutual funds, financial institutions, public public and workers. Similarly, in order to revive and rehabilitate chronically unappeasable PSUs, it was decided to refer them to the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR). The Policy also provided for greater managerial autonomy to the Boards of PSUs. The Industrial Policy Statement of 1991 recognized that the Governments intervention in investment decisions of large companies through MRTP Act had proved to be deleterious for industrial growth.Accordingly, pre -entry scrutiny of investment decisions of MRTP companies was abolished. The compress of policy was more on controlling unfair and restrictive trade practices. The provisions restricting mergers, amalgamations and takeovers were also repealed. Industrial Policy Measures Since 1991 Since 1991, industrial policy measures and procedural simplifications have been reviewed on an ongoing basis. Presently, there are only six industries which require compulsory licensing. Similarly, there are only three industries reserved for the public sector.Some of important policy measures initiated since 1991 are set out below Since 1991, promotion of foreign direct investment has been an integral part of Indias economic policy. The Government has ensured a liberal and transparent foreign investment regime where most activities are opened to foreign investment on automatic route without all limit on the extent of foreign ownership. FDI up to 100 per cent has also been allowed under automatic route for most manufacturing activities in Special frugal Zones (SEZs).More recently, in 2004, the FDI limits were raised in the private banking sector (up to 74 per cent), oil exploration (up to 100 per cent), petroleum product marketing (up to 100 per cent), petroleum product pipelines (up to 100 per cent), natural gas and LNG pipelines (up to 100 per cent) and printing of scientific and technical magazines, periodicals and journals (up to 100 per cent). In 9 February 2005, the FDI ceiling in telecom sector in certain services was increased from 49 per cent to 74 per cent. Reservation of items of manufacture exclusively in the small scale sector has been an important article of faith of industrial policy. Realizing the increased import competition with the removal of quantitative restrictions since April 2001, the Government has adopted a policy of dereservation and has pruned the list of items reserved for SSI sector gradually from 821 items as at end March 1999 to 506 items as on Ap ril 6, 2005. Further, the Union Budget 2005-06 has proposed to dereserve 108 items which were identified by Ministry of Small Scale Industries.The investment limit in define and machinery of small scale units has been raised by the Government from time to time. To enable some of the small scale units to achieve required economies of scale, a differential investment limit has been adopted for them since October 2001. Presently, there are 41 reserved items which are allowed investment limit up to Rs. 50 million instead of present limit of Rs. 10 million applicable for other small scale units. Equity participation up to 24 per cent of the total shareholding in small scale units by other industrial undertakings has been llowed. The objective in this has been to enable the small sector to access the capital market and encourage modernization, technological upgradation, ancillarisation, sub-contracting, etc. infra the framework provided by the Competition Act 2002, the Competition Co mmission of India was set up in 2003 so as to prevent practices having adverse impact on competition in markets. In an effort to moderate regional imbalances, the Government announced a new North-East Industrial Policy in declination 1997 for promoting industrialization in the North- east region.This policy is applicable for the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. The Policy has provided various concessions to industrial units in the North Eastern Region, e. g. , 10 development of industrial infrastructure, subsidies under various schemes, excise and income-tax exemption for a period of 10 years, etc. North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd. has been designated as the nodal disbursing agency under the Scheme. The focus of disinvestment process of PSUs has shifted from sale of minority stakes to strategic sales.Up to December 2004, PSUs have been divested to an extent of Rs. 478 billion. Apart from general policy measu res, some industry specific measures have also been initiated. For instance, Electricity Act 2003 has been enacted which envisaged to delicense power generation and permit captive power plants. It is also intended to facilitate private sector participation in transmission sector and provide open access to grid sector. Various policy measures have facilitated increased private sector participation in key infrastructure sectors such as, telecommunication, roads and ports.Foreign equity participation up to 100 per cent has been allowed in construction and maintenance of roads and bridges. MRTP provisions have been relaxed to encourage private sector financing by large firms in the highway sector. Evidently, in the process of phylogenesis of industrial policy in India, the Governments intervention has been extensive. Unlike many East Asian countries which used the State intervention to build strong private sector industries, India opted for the State control over key industries in the i nitial phase of development. In order to promote these industries theGovernment not only levied high tariffs and imposed import restrictions, but also subsidized the nationalized firms, directed investment funds to them, and controlled both land use and many prices. In India, there has been a consensus for long on the role of government in providing infrastructure and maintaining stable macroeconomic policies. However, the path to be pursued toward industrial development has evolved over time. The form of government intervention in the development strategy needs to be chosen from the two alternatives Outward-looking development 1 policies encourage not only free trade but also the free hunting expedition of capital, workers and enterprises. By contrast, inward-looking development policies stress the need for ones own style of development. India initially adopted the latter strategy. The advocates of import substitution in India believed that we should substitute imports with domest ic production of both consumer goods and sophisticated manufacture items while ensuring imposition of high tariffs and quotas on imports.In the long run, these advocates cite the benefits of greater domestic industrial diversification and the ultimate superpower to export previously protected manufactured goods, as economies of scale, low labour costs, and the appointed externalities of learning by doing cause domestic prices to become more competitive than world prices. However, pursuit of such a policy forced the Indian industry to have low and inferior technology. It did not give way the industry to the rigours of competition and therefore it resulted in low efficiency.The inferior technology and inefficient production practices match with focus on traditional sectors choked further expansion of the India industry and thereby limited its ability to expand employment opportunities. Considering these inadequacies, the reforms currently underway aim at infusing the state of th e art technology, increasing domestic and external competition and diversification of the industrial base so that it can expand and create supererogatory employment opportunities. In retrospect, the Industrial Policy Resolutions of 1948 and 1956 reflected the desire of the Indian State to achieve self sufficiency in industrial production.Huge investments by the State in heavy industries were designed to put the Indian industry on a higher long-term growth trajectory. With limited availability of foreign exchange, the effort of the Government was to encourage domestic production. This basic strategy guided industrialization until the mid-1980s. Till the onset of reform process in 1991, industrial licensing played a crucial role in channeling investments, controlling entry and expansion of capacity in the Indian industrial sector. As such industrialization occurred in a protected environment, which led to various distortions.Tariffs and quantitative controls largely kept foreign comp etition out of the domestic 12 market, and most Indian manufacturers looked on exports only as a residual possibility. Little attention was paying(a) to ensure product quality, undertaking R for technological development and achieving economies of scale. The industrial policy announced in 1991, however, substantially dispensed with industrial licensing and facilitated foreign investment and technology transfers, and threw open the areas hitherto reserved for the public sector.The policy focus in the recent years has been on deregulating the Indian industry, enabling industrial restructuring, allowing the industry freedom and flexibility in responding to market forces and providing a business environment that facilitates and fosters boilersuit industrial growth. The future growth of the Indian industry as widely believed, is crucially dependent upon improving the overall productivity of the manufacturing sector, rationalisation of the duty structure, technological upgradation, the s earch for export markets through promotional efforts and trade agreements and creating an enabling legal environment.Bibliography 1. Ahluwalia, I. J. Productivity and Growth in Indian Manufacturing, Oxford University Press, Delhi , 1991. 2. Government of India Annual Report 2003-04, Ministry of Commerce and Industry. New Delhi. 3. Government of India Handbook of Industrial Policy and Statistics (Various Issues), Office of Economic Adviser, Ministry of Commerce and Industry. New Delhi. 4. Government of India Economic Survey 2004-05, Ministry of Finance. New Delhi

Formal Analysis of Durer’s Knight, Death and the Devil

Uriah Funk Leila Armstrong machination 110 7 February, 2013 Formal Analysis of Durers Knight, Death and the Devil My first impression upon looking at Durers Knight, Death and the Devil is one(a) of impending doom met with courage and a feeling of resigning to ones fate. The figure of the Knight is touch by the figures of Death on his sickly sawhorse and the beast faced Devil, along with a punic landscape that seems to fold in upon itself and hold other unseen dangers.The knight marches forward look to ignore the threats, as he leaves the safety of the city behind he is safe in his armour upon his loyal steed, for now. This engraving was done on copper heavy(p) it a warm earthy tone. The absence of other colors gives the tack a dark feeling. Durers etching parts light very realistically, giving the figure of the horse especially a very convincing sheen. The absence of light behind the figures lends an abysmal element of danger connecting the literal dangers of Death and the Devil in the upper part of the work to the implied dangers in the lower part of the etching.With the abundance of hatching and cross hatching, trends appear from the texture of the objects and figures themselves, while other line work is direct and bold such as along the armor work of the knight. The eye is skeletal to the left along the work at first by the implied motion of the knight and his dog. separate guiding forces like the knights pike and sword as well as the trees in the reason and the devils horn and spear draw the eye back across the space.The magnificent etching makes full use of shape, volume, shading, mass, size, scale, and texture to create an almost scientific realism that would not be out of place in biology textbooks. Durer uses space in the piece to create a sense of closing in roughly the knight with all of the darkest parts being immediately around the horse and rider. The only open space, or escape, is the sky above and behind the knight and he is not h eading in this direction, further increase the sense of danger. Atmospheric and linear perspective while present is minimal and only serve to pay back the claustrophobic feel of the foreground.At first, the composition seems quite stable, the knight presenting a strong vertical line and his horse firmly grounding the rider, yet the relationship with background characters creates precarious unbalanced shapes. Overall these elements present a foreboding scene for the knight no matter how stable the stance of his horse and rigidity of his spine. The piece gives a very humanist feel, with texture, shading, and mass of the figures and objects having a down to earth almost touchable quality. Other elements like the lizard and skull suggest symbolism that intrigues the viewer to further investigation.Created by Albrecht Durer in 1513 Germany, the piece, according to the metropolitan Museum of Art, has a connection to a religious literary work titled Handbook of a Christian Soldier. The en graving is 9. 6in x 7. 5in on copper. The small size probably allowed for detail in the work as well as to be useful in book illustration. Works Cited Albrecht Durer Knight, Death, and the Devil (43. 106. 2). In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. http//www. metmuseum. org/toah/works-of-art/43. 106. 2 (October 2006)

Early Childhood Literacy Proposal Essay

Abstract question on early puerility literacy pinpoints the early childhood years as the gear upational base period for developing the run-in and literacy skills that atomic number 18 fundamental to a young childs long term take upal winner in breeding and make-up. This study places theoretical attention on the essential comp championnts of literacy that promote and predict the essential emergent literacy cultivation of a child. This efficacious aspect of learning acquisition is critically pertinent for the school hardening of a child in being hale read.Findings support and highlight how the acquiring of skills in comp whiznts of literacy such as phonological sensory faculty, vocabulary and langu days knowledge, first principle and sound recognition, target and text comprehension as well as the use of sound instructional practices and strategies among teachers leave alone promote the optimum level of success in early literacy and beyond. Introduction early childhood literacy is an emphatic, essential, and extensive branch of precept that seeks to equip young children with the optimal skills that entrust cause them to emerge in see and indite.These foundational skills are critical and predictive of ones diagnosis of success inwardly these parameters. Research notes that depending on where they start, their experiences in the home, and the curriculum being utilize in their classroom, many children will leave preschool with early literacy skills that put them on a trajectory to transition successfully to learning to read (Lonigan, Allan, & Lerner, 2011). To signify, the essence of these skills is manifested early in ones life and is the predecessor of ones future skill in literacy.The developmental stage for the actual acquiring of these precursor skills begins in infancy and extends to the primary years. However, it is important to note that for the purpose of this study, early literacy skills will be based on those skills that occur at th e preschool ages of 3-4. Then too, at heart this digest, it is important to note that impelling preschool programs are the panels of early education that promote, support, and add up to the childs future study and writing readiness. These factors characterize the role of early childhood programs in promoting childrens early literacy development for subsequent achievement in drill.The acquisition of childrens interpretation skills was once thought to originate with the start of reading instruction in elementary school, but look now supports the idea that learning to read is a continuous developmental process that emerges early in life (Wilson & Longman, 2009). For this purpose, a study has been proposed to increase the focus on the early years of education as the precursor for after success in literacy and to discover those early literacy skills that foster success in literacy and claim of the assessments and strategies that are the best practices for providing this regist er.The following search question and hypotheses were made declarative or stated as a guide for this proposal Research question Does the acquisition of early literacy skills foster future success in literacy? Hypotheses The acquisition of early literacy skills fosters future success in literacy. Subsequent Hypotheses 1) Literacy rich environments or settings contribute to a childs future success in reading. 2) Effective teaching strategies support a childs development of literacy.These modes and mechanisms form the basis for providing children with an effective curriculum, strategies, techniques, and activities that will empower their knowledge and defend them a sound foundation of emergent literacy. The very term emergent literacy is a relatively freshly one that evolved in response to evidence that literacy development occurs along a continuum that begins long before children truly start formal study and long before they acquire conventional literacy skills such as decoding, spoken reading, reading comprehension, spelling and writing (Invernizzi, Landrum, Teichman, & Townsend, 2010).To note, the learning phase of literacy for children begins at birth and extends to the preschool phase and beyond. Infants begin to grok books and take them to caregivers of parents to read. Around the age of two, children begin to secernate favorite books by cover and set up scam and restate some of the spoken communication. Between the ages of three and four, children are able to picture read and retell stories as well as manipulate letter and marking. At the ages of five and six, children then begin to experience that oral communication shake off meaning.The emergent skills and abilities that are backbreaking predictors of future progression and succession in posterior reading and writing outcomes include the following 1) Phonological Sensitivity- Children begin to hear and understand various sounds and patterns of spoken language. more specifically, these sk ills begin with listening to sounds and then noticing and discriminating rhyme and alliteration. Afterwards children begin to determine syllables in rowing by examining onset and rime.Phonological awareness skills generally graduate to advanced phonemic awareness skills and later lay the foundation for the gaining of phonics. They are further progressed and promoted as children sing songs hear stories, and finger plays or rhymes (Heroman & Jones, 2010). Research has found phonological awareness skills in preschool to be one of the well-nigh robust predictors of early reading success in a childs first few years of formal schooling (Callaghan & Madelaine, 2012).2) Print Knowledge- Childrens ability to organize and convey meaning of words through sounds, words, or sentences. The conventions of print that are modeled by teachers and learned by children and that eventually help to bring awareness to the functions of print include providing print rich environments, interacting during st ory times, watching adults write and read books. 3) Alphabet Knowledge-Children begin to recognize letters and their sounds to printed letters. A childs knowledge of the alphabet is the single best predictor of freshman reading success (Elliot & Olliff, 2008).Children who are exposed to alphabetic activities and experiences such as reading books that display the alphabet, manipulating magnetized or textured alphabets, playing games that part the alphabet, as well as singing and saying the alphabet have increased letter knowledge that will eventually promote reading and writing achievement. It was found that knowledge of letter names prior to kindergarten was predictive of reading ability in fifth and tenth grade (Wilson & Lonigan, 2008). 4) Comprehension-Children make meaning of text by being able to process stories they have hear read loudly.They are also provided with language rich activities, directions, and instructions as a way to understand and communicate knowledge. Teac hers can promote listening and story comprehension skills by doing the following * Talk with children often throughout the day * Use language that is easy for children to understand * Help children understand language by rephrasing it when necessary * Play listening games * Help children learn to follow and give directions * Read loud to small groups of children * Prepare children for a reading by taking a picture walk * coming into court children the pictures as you read.* When reading to children, encourage them to ask questions, make predictions, talk around the story, and connect new ideas with what they already know * Facilitate story retellings (Heroman & Jones, 2010). Review of Related Literature A review of the research publications reveals how early childhood literacy and learning governs the academic research among young children. The use of early literacy assessments as evidence of directly measuring students knowledge is examined as the way to understand childrens development in literacy and ascertaining what counts as student learning.The early literacy instruction take the form of isolated activities and skills that could be substantially documented, touchstoned, quantified or qualified as the condition for evaluating the prerequisite skills for eventual success in formal reading and writing. Children are assessed on how many alphabets they know how many sight words they can recognize how they delineate individual sounds or phonemes in spoken language how they make connections between letters and sounds and how they use language to tell stories and share information as the way to individualize or compare a students surgical procedure (Casbergue, 2010).Children who are at risk for later reading problems have weaker emergent literacy skills than children not at risk for later reading problems. Several studies examining the predictive stiffness between emergent literacy skills and later reading skills have found that emergent literacy ski lls are good indicators of whether a child will have trouble with reading in the early elementary grades.Therefore, it is helpful for teachers to be able to measure accurately those emergent skills to determine who is most at risk for later reading problems and implementinterventions geared toward change emergent literacy skills with at risk children (Wilson & Lonigan, 2009). Research suggests several programs or assessments that will help teachers in directing, guiding, and implementing those skills that will cause students to gain early responsiveness in literacy.The phrase, Increased Implementation of Emergent Literacy Screening in Pre-Kindergarten focuses on the findings that emphasize how prekindergarten programs are prevalent for ensuring academic success in literacy.The findings suggest that children who attend a good Pre-K program will more than likely not have reading difficulties in later years. The use of emergent literacy assessments by teachers helps in discussing th e specific information about literacy development that will economic aid the teacher in making informed decisions for meeting instructional goals and objectives. These assessments help the teachers to learn what the student knows or what they need to learn while also addressing the teachers instructional methods and modes.It was found that these assessments help in identifying a students strengths and targets their weaknesses for advanced instructional literacy needs. PALS-PreK which focuses on the alphabet knowledge, phonological awareness, print concepts, and writing skills of students is the tool that measures the progress of students and helps teachers to assess the knowledge and advantage level of the students. This assessment was used to assess the emergent literacy skills of more than 21,000 students prior to Kindergarten as the way to target their performance.It is an easy to use system that is administered to children individually by the classroom teacher and does not rel y on an allotted time for completing the assessment (Invernizzi, Landrum, Teichman, & Townsend, 2010). The germinal computer program is an ongoing assessment tool that assesses children using specific objective indicators and predictors of standards that pertain to school readiness and the success of children within the field of literacy.This tool requires that teachers write observations or records of children during naturalistic situations in the classroom or during group time as the most accurate way for measuring the literate success of the child. Children will be required to demonstrate phonological awareness, knowledge of the alphabet and sounds, knowledge of print and emerging writing skills as well as respond to books and other text and will be assessed and placed within a color coded mastery level and willbe assessed throughout the school year (Heroman & Jones, 2010).The article Assessment of Preschool Early Literacy Skills Linking Childrens educational Needs with Empirica lly Supported Instructional Activities, Longman, Allan, & Lerner describe preschool as the critical predictive phase of learning wherein childrens early literacy skills are detected, developed, and directed towards them becoming consummate readers and writers.Longman et al provide a research study that supports the crucial role of teachers in providing children with a strong literacy enriched foundational base wherein there is a rich curriculum that includes the necessary activities that will promote their proficiency in literacy. Substantial evidence points to childrens acquired skills in alphabet knowledge, print, phonology, and oral language attributes to the outgrowth and successful achievement levels in their evolving literacy skills. This article further discussed three methods for determining and evaluating the skills of preschool children.Primary forms of assessment which included informal assessments, display/progress monitoring, and symptomatic assessments were further i nvestigated as it related to the measurement of childrens developmental goals and gains in correlativity to the effectiveness of the teachers guided instructions and activities. One valid and reliable assessment that is of exceptional focus is that of diagnostics assessments. Diagnostic assessments are reliable and valid in that they will identify a childs strengths within a specific set of skills or discipline and expose mastery of it.Then too, these assessments will measure exactly what they are intended to measure. Longman et al contend, The key advantage of diagnostic assessments include in depth examination of specific skill areas, generally high reliability, established validity of the measure, and the ability to compare a specific childs performance with a known reference group ( Lonigan, Allan, & Lerner, 2011). The authors provide accurate evidence of childrens progress wherein the tests within the above mentioned literacy areas provided high levels of inwrought consisten cy and test retest ability wherein the tests were error free and provided accurate scores.The tests also yielded multiple items within the measure that would further index the childs developmental level within literacy. A further quasi-experimental research was conducted as to how teachers enhance the early literacy skills of preschool children. The research was conducted during the span of two years and across 20 train start sites. 750 teachers were selected to participate as 370 classrooms conducted pre and posttest assessments.Student performances were examined in comparison of being taught by teachers with either 1 or 2 years of training and instructional experience. It was found that teachers who were more educated were more effective to the students overall achievement of early literacy skills (Landry, Swank, Smith, Assel, & Gunnwig). Even further within the research publications on early childhood literacy is the importance of preschool early intervention in literacy. Resea rchers have examined phonological awareness skills as being robust skills for later conventional literacy skills.The National Center for Family Literacy (NELP) conducted a meta-analysis of more than 299 studies on children between the ages of birth and five years and recognized phonological awareness as one of the most important determinants of early reading success (Callaghan & Madelaine, 2012). Then too, researchers detail the importance of phonological skills being initially taught in preschool due to the phonological sensitivity of children during this age period. It is estimated that preschool children who have a sound foundation of phonological skills will achieve reading skills during later years.Longitudinal studies have traced the performance early literacy skills of preschoolers and subsequent later grades and determined positive literacy outcomes. Research also places a significant amount of focus on the instructions and strategies that will influence the literacy develop ment of preschoolers. Researchers suggested that preschoolers benefited more from shorter periods of intensive literacy instruction during small group settings within a play based curriculum as opposed to longer periods of instruction. The following chart lists the actual activities or skills that teachers use to promote literacy within the classroom.It lists the frequency of the skills as a way to inform the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the strategies. Language and Literacy Activities in Center-Based Early childhood moves (N = 180) Variable % Reporting Often or ever % Reporting Sometimes % Reporting Seldom or Never M SD Language and Literacy Promotion scurf (23-items) - - - 4. 17 0. 64 1. Read aloud to children in a group setting. 78. 3 16. 7 5. 0 4. 24 0. 90 2. Read aloud to children individually. 50. 0 30. 6 19. 4 3. 44 1. 07 3. Set apart special time each day to read to children. 75. 0 19. 4 5.6 4. 13 0. 97 4. Read aloud a variety of books. 85. 6 9. 4 5. 0 4. 34 0. 87 5. reread favorite books. 82. 8 12. 8 4. 4 4. 28 0. 90 6. Talk about books read together. 68. 9 20. 6 10. 6 3. 95 1. 11 7. Ask children questions about the books. 74. 4 17. 8 7. 8 4. 10 1. 06 8. Provide opportunities for children to look at books and other printed materials on own. 82. 2 13. 3 4. 4 4. 31 0. 90 9. Teach children features of a book. 58. 3 21. 1 20. 6 3. 65 1. 25 10. Teach children that printed letters and words run from left to right and from top to bottom. 63. 3 19. 4 17. 2 3. 74 1. 21 11. utilize saying alphabet with the children. 93. 3 5. 0 1. 7 4. 60 0. 68 12. Teach children to recognize letters of alphabet. 90. 0 7. 8 2. 2 4. 54 0. 80 13. Teach children to distinguish between uppercase and minuscular letters. 69. 4 20. 6 10. 0 3. 98 1. 19 14. Help children learn the sounds each letter can represent. 78. 9 12. 2 8. 9 4. 23 1. 09 15. Teach children to write letters of alphabet. 71. 7 17. 2 11. 1 4. 05 1. 15 16. Help children to write their names. 74. 4 16.1 9. 4 4. 10 1. 13 17. Help children identify different colors, shapes, and sizes. 88. 3 8. 3 3. 3 4. 57 0. 80 18. Help children learn opposites. 81. 1 16. 1 2. 8 4. 29 0. 89 19. Help children recognize numbers. 87. 2 8. 9 3. 9 4. 46 0. 83 20. Practice counting with the children. 88. 9 9. 4 1. 7 4. 57 0. 75 21. Choose books to read aloud that focus on sounds, rhyming, and alliteration. 77. 2 16. 7 6. 1 4. 16 0. 93 22. Have children sing or say a familiar nursery rhyme or song. 85. 6 12. 8 1. 7 4. 42 0. 78 23.Encourage children to make up new verses of familiar songs or rhymes by changing stemma sounds or words. (Green & Peterson, 2006). 63. 9 20. 6 15. 6 3. 85 1. 17 Methodology The writer begins by selecting the token of research which will be conducted which is an evaluation research. Two emergent literacy screening tools for preschool age children are used as measureable tools for identifying the acquisition of childrens emergent literacy skills are the Get Rea dy to Read Tool (GRTR) and the one-on-one Growth and Development Indicators (IGDI). The GRTR test has 20 activities that strictly measure phonological and print skills.The children are shown a page with four pictures and asked a question that responds to one of the pictures. At the end of the test the scores are tallied for a final comprehensive score. Children master IGDI test by selecting picture cards that respond to questions about Alliteration and Rhyming, Picture Naming, and Phonological awareness skills. Children are given a flashcard within one of the domains and asked a question and prompted to point to the correct answer. The scores consist of the number of correct answers that were despatchd within a specified amount of time.Both of these tests were administered in July and October with the consent of the parents of the preschool age children and lasted about 40 minutes (Wilson & Lonigan, 2009). Participants For this study, 21 preschools in Florida participated. The ch ildrens ages ranged from 42 to 55 months. There was an equal distribution of boys and girls. 70% of the children were Caucasian, 19% were African American and 11% were of another ethnicity. Conclusion/Recommendation The IGDI performance test scores were worse than those of the GRTR in terms of concurrent validity and reliability due to some of the children being unable to complete the tests.It was determined that the tests were difficult for the age group and therefore were unreliable. The GRTR was more reliable in that it was geared towards the age of the children. The results of the study were clear in that this screener was better for measuring the emergent literacy skills of preschool children as the evidence for later performance in reading. Researchers, educators, and policy makers are concerned with the quality of literacy programs, the effectiveness of literacy instruction, and the achievement of students with the field of literacy.Finding from this study support how early childhood programs promote language and literacy skills for future success in reading and literacy. References beamy From the Start Georgias Department of Early Care and Learning. http//decal. ga. gov/documents/attachments/content_standards_full. pdf Callaghan, G. , & Madelaine, A. (2012). Leveling the Playing Field for Kindergarten ingress Research Implications for Preschool Early Literacy Instruction. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 37, 13-23. Casbergue, R. M. (2010). 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Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39, 306-324. Longman, C. J. , Allan, N. P. , & Lerner, M. D. (2011). Assessment of Preschool Early Literacy Skills Linking Childrens Educational Needs with Empirically Supported Instructional Activities. Psychology in the Schools, 48, 488-501.